Infecciones por helmintos intestinales en Chile: Análisis retrospectivo en Santiago, años 2015-2019

Introducción: Existe escasa evidencia epidemiológica actual sobre helmintos intestinales en Chile. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de infecciones por helmintos intestinales en un centro de salud en Santiago, Chile. Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de helmintos intestinales diagnosticados en muestras parasitológicas de rutina en el Laboratorio de Microbiología de Clínica Alemana de Santiago, entre los años 2015 y 2019. Las pruebas diagnósticas se seleccionaron según la solicitud médica. Los datos se obtuvieron de los sistemas informáticos del laboratorio y se analizaron de manera anonimizada. Resultados: Se detectaron 127 infecciones por helmintos en 11.809 muestras estudiadas (1,1%). Estas infecciones fueron: 78 (61,4%) Enterobius vermicularis, 25 (19,6%) Dibothriocephalus/Adenocephalus spp., 9 (7,1%) Taenia spp., 6 (4,7%) Pseudoterranova spp., 5 (3,9%) Strongyloides stercoralis y 4 (3,1%) Ascaris lumbricoides. Enterobius vermicularis predominó en niños y adolescentes; Dibothriocephalus/ Adenocephalus spp. predominó en adultos. Conclusión: El estudio proporciona información epidemiológica actual sobre la distribución de helmintos intestinales en muestras clínicas en Santiago, Chile. Enterobius vermicularis fue prevalente, seguido de helmintos transmitidos por alimentos mientras que los transmitidos por el suelo solo se detectaron ocasionalmente. El surgimiento de difilobotriasis y anisakidosis (pseudoterranoviasis), es relevante y posiblemente se relacione con cambios en las condiciones de vida y la cultura alimentaria en Chile.

Background: Epidemiological information on the current prevalence of intestinal helminths in Chile is scarce. Aim: To describe the prevalence of different intestinal helminth infections in a healthcare center in Santiago, Chile. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of intestinal helminths diagnosed in routine parasitological samples in the microbiological laboratory of Clínica Alemana Santiago, Chile, between 2015 and 2019. Diagnostic tests were applied according to the sender's request. Data were obtained from laboratory information systems and analyzed in an anonymized manner. Results: Among 11,809 samples, 127 (1.1%) helminth infections were detected, of those, 78 (61.4%) were Enterobius vermicularis, 25 (19.6%) Dibothriocephalus/Adenocephalus spp., 9 (7.1%) Taenia spp., 6 (4.7%) Pseudoterranova spp., 5 (3.9%) Strongyloides stercoralis, and 4 (3.1%) Ascaris lumbricoides. Enterobius vermicularis was predominant among children and adolescents, while Dibothriocephalus/Adenocephalus spp. was the most frequent helminth in adults. Conclusion: The study provides updated epidemiological information on distribution of helminth infections in clinical samples in Santiago, Chile. After E. vermicularis, food-borne helminths were second most prevalent, while soiltransmitted helminths were very rarely detected. The emergence of diphyllobothriasis and anisakidosis (pseudoterranoviasis) is noteworthy and possibly related to changes in living conditions and food culture in Chile.

Parasitosis intestinales y medidas antropométricas en preescolares del cantón de Portoviejo, Ecuador / Intestinal parasites and anthropometric measurements in preschoolers from the canton of Portoviejo, Ecuador

Las enteroparasitosis son un problema de salud pública a nivel global con mayor impacto en los países subdesarrollados asociadas a condiciones de vida inadecuadas. La población infantil es más suceptible para desarrollar sintomatología provocando cuadros disentéricos, vomitos, síndrome de mal absorción, lo que influye en deficiencia de nutrientes y vitaminas, como consecuencia retraso en el crecimiento, malnutrición, trastornos del desarrollo físico y cognitivo. Se realizó una investigación epidemiológica, de corte transversal para estimar la prevalencia de parásitos instestinales y las diferencias en relación a las medidas antropométricas, en 283 escolares de la Capital de la provincia de Manabí. Las variables peso, talla parada, circunferencia de brazo izquierdo, pliegues de tríceps y subescapular, índice de masa corporal, área magra y área grasa fueron seleccionadas para establecer la relación. El coproparasitológico se realizó con el método directo (solución salina 0,9% y Lugol) y Kato Katz. Los resultados mostraron 62,54% de prevalencia, sin distingo de sexo, ni edad. Blastocytis spp., la especie más frecuente, confirmándose el comportamiento epidemiológico a nivel mundial a expensa de los protozoarios, con presencia de especies comensales (E. nana) relacionada con el fecalismo. A pesar de la alta prevalencia, no se observó diferencia significativa entre variables antropométricas analizadas en los escolares parasitados y no parasitados. Se infiere que es debido al tipo de especies y la intensidad de la infestación. Se recomienda realizar campañas de educación sanitaria y promover hábitos de higiene, así como dirigir investigaciones para determinar el papel epidemiológico del agua de consumo y las enteroparasitosis(AU)

Enteroparasitosis is a global public health problem with the greatest impact in underdeveloped countries associated with inadequate living conditions. The child population is more susceptible to developing symptoms causing dysentery, vomiting, malabsorption syndrome, which influences nutrient and vitamin deficiency, resulting in growth retardation, malnutrition, physical and cognitive development disorders. A cross-sectional epidemiological investigation was carried out to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites and the differences in relation to anthropometric measurements, in 283 schoolchildren from the capital of the province of Manabí. The variables weight, standing height, left arm circumference, triceps and subscapular folds, body mass index, lean area, and fat area were selected to establish the relationship. Coproparasitology was performed with the direct method (saline solution 0.9% and Lugol) and Kato Katz. The results showed 62.54% prevalence, regardless of sex or age. Blastocytis spp., the most frequent species, confirming the epidemiological behavior worldwide at the expense of protozoa, with the presence of commensal species (E. nana) related to fecalism. Despite the high prevalence, no significant difference was observed between the anthropometric variables analyzed in parasitized and non-parasitized schoolchildren. It is inferred that it is due to the type of species and the intensity of the infestation. It is recommended to carry out health education campaigns and promote hygiene habits, as well as to conduct research to determine the epidemiological role of drinking water and enteroparasitosis(AU)

Factores de riesgo y parasitosis intestinal en niños menores de 10 años de la olla común / Risk factors and intestinal parasitosis in children under 10 years of age from the common pot

Diversos factores de riesgos pueden condicionar las prevalencias de parasitosis intestinales en niños. Como objetivo se propuso determinar los factores de riesgo y parasitosis intestinal en niños menores de 10 años de la Olla Común ubicada en Villa Mara del Triunfo-Perú durate el año 2022. La investigación fue descriptiva-experimental y correlativa con una muestra de 160 niños <10 años de ambos sexos. Como instrumento de recolección se aplicó un cuestionario con preguntas dicotómicas para conocer las prácticas de higiene de los niños y se efectuó la recolección y procesamiento de muestras con técnicas de Solución Salina S.S.F al 85%, Lugol, Método de Kato y Método de concentración-Flotación de Faust. Para analizar los datos se utilizó Microsoft Excel y el software SPSS, estadística descriptica y hallar tablas de frecuencias y porcentajes y Prueba de correlación entre los elementos de riesgo y la frecuencia de signos de los parásitos. Como resultado, el cálculo estadístico con el método de Spearman mostró una concordancia positiva con el coeficiente de correlación 0,725 y con un valor de 0,001<0,05; donde los niveles de factores de riesgo en los infantes mostraron que el 31,3% se encontraban en riesgo bajo con un nivel bajo de síntomas y sin evidencia de parásitos intestinales, el 18,8% en riesgo medio y el 12,5% en riesgo alto y un nivel alto de síntomas y parasitosis intestinal confirmado; la mayoría de los niños se encuentran en un entorno de bajo riesgo. Se hace necesario e indispensable continuar con invesigaciones en zonas adyacentes(AU)

Various risk factors can condition the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in children. The objective was to determine the risk factors and intestinal parasitosis in children under 10 years of age from the Common Pot located in Villa Mara del Triunfo-Peru during the year 2022. The research was descriptive-experimental and correlative with a sample of 160 children <10 years of both sexes. As a collection instrument, a questionnaire with dichotomous questions was applied to know the hygiene practices of the children and the collection and processing of samples was carried out with techniques of Saline Solution S.S.F at 85%, Lugol's, Kato's Method and Concentration-Flotation Method. of Faust. To analyze the data, Microsoft Excel and the SPSS software were used, descriptive statistics and finding tables of frequencies and percentages and a correlation test between the risk elements and the frequency of signs of the parasites. As a result, the statistical calculation with the Spearman method showed a positive agreement with the correlation coefficient 0.725 and with a p value of 0.001<0.05; where the levels of risk factors in infants showed that 31.3% were at low risk with a low level of symptoms and no evidence of intestinal parasites, 18.8% at medium risk and 12.5% at high risk and a high level of symptoms and confirmed intestinal parasitism; most children are in a low-risk environment. It is necessary and essential to continue with investigations in adjacent areas(AU)

Enteroparasitosis en una población infantil del Municipio de Hurlingham, Buenos Aires / Enteroparasitosis in a child population of the Hurlingham District, Buenos Aires

Resumen Introducción: Los parásitos intestinales tienen mayor impacto en las poblaciones infantiles ya que pueden, a largo plazo, conducir a un retraso en el crecimiento con alteración del desarrollo cognitivo. Sumado a esto, los entornos de vulnerabilidad social favorecen la transmisión y permanencia de estos parásitos en el ambiente. Métodos: En un estudio transversal realizado en el Municipio de Hurlingham (conurbano bonae rense) se estimó la prevalencia de enteroparasitosis y sus factores de riesgo asociados en una población infantil concurrente a Centros de Atención Primaria para la Salud locales mediante un análisis coproparasitológico, un test de Graham y una encuesta socioambiental y laboral. Resultados: Un total de 66 niñas (50.8%) y 64 niños (49.2%) entre 0 a 12 años fueron analizados. El 89.1% de los mayores de 4 años estaban escolarizados. En el 28.5% de los hogares la madre o el padre tenía trabajo formal y el 63.8% percibía la asignación universal por hijo (AUH). Se observaron condiciones de vulnerabilidad social en la población analizada, tales como: falta de acceso al agua de red y cloacas y un saneamiento ambiental deficiente. El diagnóstico parasitológico reveló un total de 75 casos [57.7% (IC 95%: 48.7-66.3)] de parasitosis. Los protistas fueron los parásitos más frecuentes y las especies más prevalentes: Blastocystis spp, Enterobius vermicularis, Giardia lamblia y Cryptosporidium sp. La presencia de parásitos estuvo asociada a la escolarización (p<0.01) y a la edad del niño (p<0.05). Dis cusión: Este fue el primer relevamiento sobre las enteroparasitosis en el municipio de Hurlingham y el contexto socioeconómico y ambiental donde se desarrollan.

Abstract Introduction: Intestinal parasites have the greatest impact on child populations as they can, in the long term, lead to stunted growth with advances in cognitive development. The transmission of these parasites is favored by environments of social vulnerability. Methods: In a cross-sectional study carried out in the District of Hurlingham, in the suburbs of Buenos Aires, the prevalence of intestinal parasitoses and its associated risk factors in a child population attending Primary Health Care Centers was estimated. Coproparasitological survey, Graham test and a socio-environmental and labor survey were performed. Results: A total of 130 children, 50.8% women and 49.2% men (0-12 years) were analyzed; 89.1% of those over 4 years of age were in school. In 28.5% of households, the mother or father had a formal job and 63.8% received the Universal Child Allowance. Conditions of social vulnerability were observed in the analyzed population: poor access to network water and sewage and environmental sanitation. The parasitological diagnosis revealed that 75 children [57.7% (95% CI: 48.7-66.3)] were parasitized. Protists were more frequent than helminths and the most prevalent species were Blastocystis spp, Enterobius vermicularis, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium sp. The parasites in children were associated with schooling (p<0.01) and age (p<0.05). Discussion: This work constitutes the first survey on intestinal parasitoses in the District of Hurlingham and the socioeconomic and environmental context where it is developed.

Human and Environmental Reservoirs of Intestinal Parasites in the City of Yaoundé, Cameroon: An Update in the Context of COVID-19 Pandemic

Aims: Intestinal parasitic infections are persistent in Africa, and we questioned here whether prevention measures imposed by the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 could alleviate this threat in lowlands of the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Study Design: We monitored the trend of intestinal parasites in human and environmental samples from the seven subdivisions of the city of Yaounde, before (November-December 2019) and during (July-August 2020, November-December 2020) the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: Parasitological analysis were performed to check for the presence of helminths and protozoans in stools from inhabitants as well as in water, soil and fresh vegetables, using standard Kato Katz and Formol Ether methods.The minimum effective sample size considered for the estimation of parasite richness, parasite infection and contamination indexeswas 30 for human and 30 for environmental samples (i.e. soils, water and vegetables) per location. Results: Of the 19 parasite species identified in human and the environments, twelve were helminths and seven protozoans. The overall parasite species richness reached 16 in 2019 (12 helminths and 4 protozoans) and 19 in 2020 (12 helminths and 7 protozoans), with about 62.5-68.4% of species shared by human and environments. The parasite frequencies in human (21.03%) and water/soils (32.3%) in 2019 did not differ statistically with those of 2020 (14.6-20.3% and 10.8-35.4%, respectively). The contamination rate of vegetables (i.e. carrots, lettuce, basil, celery, etc.) has increased from 2019 (6.1-9.1%) to 2020 (9.1-24.2%), and was frequently due to roundworms, hookworms, Entamoeba and Cryptosporidium cysts. The findings suggest persistent risk associated with intestinal parasite irrespective to measures imposed by COVID-19 in study locations. Conclusion: The current control approaches may therefore integrateecological epidemiology of the intestinal parasite infections as complementary strategy in African cities.

Prevalencia de Blastocystis sp en niños en edad escolar de Reynosa, México / Blastocystis prevalence in school age children from Reynosa, Mexico

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de Blastocystis sp. en niños residentes de la ciudad de Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México. Material y Método: Estudio transversal que incluyó 238 muestras de heces de niños con edad de 5 a 12 años de escuelas primarias de la ciudad de Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México. Resultados: Del total de muestras, el 13,8% tuvo presencia de Blastocystis sp.; siendo este el más prevalente dentro de los parásitos encontrados; también se re porta la presencia de Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Giardia intestinalis y Enterobius vermicularis. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de Blastocystis en zonas de México es poco conocida; sin embargo, los estudios en diversas partes del mundo sugieren un aumento, por lo que es importante determinar la presencia y su relación como patógeno u oportunista humano.

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of Blastocystis spp. in children living in the city of Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Material y Method: Cross-sectional study that included 238 stool samples from children aged 5 to 12 years from elementary schools in the city of Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Results: Of the total number of samples, 13.8% showed the presence of Blastocystis spp., being the most prevalent among the parasites found; the presence of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Giardia intestinalis and Enterobius vermicularis was also reported. Conclusions: The prevalence of Blastocystis in areas of Mexico is poorly known; however, studies in various parts of the world suggest an increase, so it is important to determine the presence and its relationship as a human pathogen or opportunist.

Parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables sold in open markets: a public health threat / Contaminação parasítica de vegetais frescos vendidos em mercados abertos: uma ameaça para a saúde pública

Vegetables eating raw are a leading source of transmission of infective forms of pathogenic internal parasites among human beings. This research was conducted from April to October, 2017 to assess the parasitic contamination of vegetables sold at main vegetable markets in districts Lower Dir and Peshawar, Pakistan. Eight hundred specimens of different vegetables were purchased and soaked in physiological saline solution, shaken with a mechanical shaker for 20 minutes and processed by sedimentation concentration method. Results revealed that only 19.7% (n=158/800) of the vegetables were found to be contaminated with single or multiple parasite species. Ascaris lumbricoides (the large round worm) 12.3% (n=99/800) was the most commonly detected pathogen and Taenia saginata (the beef tapeworm) 1.62% (n=13/800) was the least frequently detected one. Interestingly, significant p value (p>0.05 at 95%CI) between the number of examined and contaminated for all the variables studied including education status of the vendors, markets location, type of vegetables, means of display, washed before display, washing source of water and market type. The findings of this study evidenced that consumption of raw vegetables possesses great risk of getting parasitic infections in Lower Dir and Peshawar districts, Pakistan. Instructing the sellers and the public about parasitic disease transfer and their hygiene can reduce the infection rate of parasites of human origin.

Os vegetais crus são a principal fonte de transmissão de formas infecciosas de parasitas internos patogênicos entre os seres humanos. Esta pesquisa foi realizada de abril a outubro de 2017 para avaliar a contaminação parasitária de vegetais vendidos nos principais mercados de vegetais nos distritos de Lower Dir e Peshawar, Paquistão. Oitocentos exemplares de diferentes vegetais foram adquiridos e embebidos em solução salina fisiológica, agitados em agitador mecânico por 20 minutos e processados pelo método de concentração por sedimentação. Os resultados revelaram que apenas 19,7% (n = 158/800) das hortaliças estavam contaminadas com uma ou várias espécies de parasitas. Ascaris lumbricoides (o verme redondo grande) 12,3% (n = 99/800) foi o patógeno mais comumente detectado e Taenia saginata (a tênia da carne) 1,62% (n = 13/800) foi o menos freqüentemente detectado. Curiosamente, valor de p significativo (p> 0,05 em IC de 95%) entre o número de examinados e contaminados para todas as variáveis estudadas incluindo escolaridade dos vendedores, localização dos mercados, tipo de vegetais, meios de exposição, lavado antes da exposição, fonte de lavagem de água e tipo de mercado. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciaram que o consumo de vegetais crus possui grande risco de contrair infecções parasitárias nos distritos de Lower Dir e Peshawar, no Paquistão. Instruir os vendedores e o público sobre a transferência de doenças parasitárias e sua higiene pode reduzir a taxa de infecção de parasitas de origem humana.

Spurious infection by Calodium hepaticum (Bancroft, 1983) Moravec, 1982 and intestinal parasites in forest reserve dwellers in Western Brazilian Amazon

ABSTRACT Subsistence hunting is the main source of protein for forest reserve dwellers, contributing to the development of spurious infections by Calodium hepaticum, frequently associated with the consumption of the liver from wild mammals. The prevalence of infections by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and intestinal protozoa is considered an indicator of the social vulnerability of a country, besides providing information on habits, customs and quality of life of a given population. Intestinal parasites mostly affect poor rural communities with limited access to clean water and adequate sanitation. This study reports the results of a parasitological survey carried out in 2017 and 2019, in two municipalities (Xapuri and Sena Madureira) in Acre State. Stool samples were collected from 276 inhabitants. Upon receipt, each sample was divided into two aliquots. Fresh samples without preservative were processed and examined by the Kato-Katz technique. Samples fixed in 10% formalin were processed by the spontaneous sedimentation and the centrifugal sedimentation techniques. Calodium hepaticum eggs were found in three stool samples. The overall STH prevalence was 44.9%. The hookworm prevalence (19.2%) was higher than that of Ascaris lumbricoides (2.5%) and Trichuris trichiura (0.7%), an unexpected finding for municipalities belonging to the Western Brazilian Amazon. When considering parasites transmitted via the fecal-oral route, Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli showed the highest positivity rates, of 13% and 10.9%, respectively. This study is the first report of spurious infection by C. hepaticum among forest reserve dwellers that consume undercooked liver of lowland pacas. Additionally, this is the first report of Blastocystis sp. in Acre State.

Gestión de seguimiento a pacientes rurales con parasitosis intestinales: apoyo desde el laboratorio clínico / Follow-up management of rural patients with intestinal parasites: support from the clinical laboratory

Se realizó una investigación operativa, de alcance longitudinal, en el periodo comprendido entre abril y noviembre de 2019, con el objetivo determinar indicadores y propuestas de mejora para la gestión de seguimiento a pacientes rurales con parasitosis intestinales, diagnosticados en el laboratorio clínico del Centro de Salud Tipo C Quero (CSQ). El universo del estudio estuvo conformado por 15.842 usuarios potenciales del CSQ. El tipo de muestreo fue por conveniencia; la población consistió en 217 pacientes que acudieron al laboratorio institucional durante el periodo de estudio para realizarse el examen coproparasitario. La muestra estuvo conformada por 184 pacientes con diagnóstico de parasitosis intestinal. Para determinar la gestión de cuidados de los pacientes rurales diagnosticados con parasitosis intestinales, se tuvieron en cuenta 8 variables y 8 indicadores para el período de estudio, las cuales se obtuvieron mediante el seguimiento a los procesos del laboratorio clínico, una vez completado el periodo de la investigación. Un total de 217 pacientes del Centro de Salud Tipo C Quero acudieron al laboratorio institucional durante el periodo de estudio para realizarse el examen coproparasitario, de los cuales 169 (77,89%) mostraron un resultado positivo al examen directo, y 15 (6,91%) fueron diagnosticados mediante la técnica de sedimentación por centrifugación, para un total de 184 pacientes con parasitosis intestinales, es decir el 84,8% de la población de estudio, aiendo Endolimax nana, con 22,94% la especie más frecuente, seguida de Entamoeba coli con el 20,78%, Blastocystis spp. 16,06%. Del grupo de 184 pacientes con diagnóstico de parasitosis intestinal que conformaron la muestra del estudio, 31 y 8 (16,85 y 4,35%) mostraron resultado positivo para coparasitación con 2 y 3 especies diferentes, respectivamente. La implementación de indicadores de gestión de cuidados de los pacientes diagnosticados con parasitosis intestinales puede contribuir a la planeación de estrategias para la prevención e identificación factores de riesgo, en dicha población, así como dirigir campañas de educación sanitaria y promover la conciencia sobre la salud y la higiene como medidas que deben ser consideradas e implementadas para disminuir las prevalencias(AU)

An operative investigation, of longitudinal scope, was carried out in the period between April and November 2019, with the objective of determining indicators and improvement proposals for the follow-up management of rural patients with intestinal parasites, diagnosed in the clinical laboratory of the Center for Health Type C Quero (CSQ). The universe of the study was made up of 15,842 potential users of the CSQ. The type of sampling was for convenience; The population consisted of 217 patients who attended the institutional laboratory during the study period to undergo coproparasitic examination. The sample consisted of 184 patients diagnosed with intestinal parasitosis. To determine the care management of rural patients diagnosed with intestinal parasites, 8 variables and 8 indicators were taken into account for the study period, which were obtained by monitoring the clinical laboratory processes, once the period of study was completed. the investigation. A total of 217 patients from the Quero Type C Health Center attended the institutional laboratory during the study period to undergo coproparasitic examination, of which 169 (77.89%) showed a positive result on direct examination, and 15 (6. 91%) were diagnosed by the centrifugation sedimentation technique, for a total of 184 patients with intestinal parasites, that is, 84.8% of the study population. Being Endolimax nana, with 22.94% the most frequent species, followed by of Entamoeba coli with 20.78%, Blastocystis spp. 16.06%. Of the group of 184 patients diagnosed with intestinal parasitosis that made up the study sample, 31 and 8 (16.85 and 4.35%) showed positive results for co-parasitic infection with 2 and 3 different species, respectively. The implementation of care management indicators for patients diagnosed with intestinal parasites can contribute to the planning of strategies for the prevention and identification of risk factors in said population, as well as directing health education campaigns and promoting awareness about health and hygiene as measures that must be considered and implemented to reduce prevalence(AU)

Parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables sold in open markets: a public health threat / Contaminação parasítica de vegetais frescos vendidos em mercados abertos: uma ameaça para a saúde pública

Vegetables eating raw are a leading source of transmission of infective forms of pathogenic internal parasites among human beings. This research was conducted from April to October, 2017 to assess the parasitic contamination of vegetables sold at main vegetable markets in districts Lower Dir and Peshawar, Pakistan. Eight hundred specimens of different vegetables were purchased and soaked in physiological saline solution, shaken with a mechanical shaker for 20 minutes and processed by sedimentation concentration method. Results revealed that only 19.7% (n=158/800) of the vegetables were found to be contaminated with single or multiple parasite species. Ascaris lumbricoides (the large round worm) 12.3% (n=99/800) was the most commonly detected pathogen and Taenia saginata (the beef tapeworm) 1.62% (n=13/800) was the least frequently detected one. Interestingly, significant p value (p>0.05 at 95%CI) between the number of examined and contaminated for all the variables studied including education status of the vendors, markets location, type of vegetables, means of display, washed before display, washing source of water and market type. The findings of this study evidenced that consumption of raw vegetables possesses great risk of getting parasitic infections in Lower Dir and Peshawar districts, Pakistan. Instructing the sellers and the public about parasitic disease transfer and their hygiene can reduce the infection rate of parasites of human origin.

Os vegetais crus são a principal fonte de transmissão de formas infecciosas de parasitas internos patogênicos entre os seres humanos. Esta pesquisa foi realizada de abril a outubro de 2017 para avaliar a contaminação parasitária de vegetais vendidos nos principais mercados de vegetais nos distritos de Lower Dir e Peshawar, Paquistão. Oitocentos exemplares de diferentes vegetais foram adquiridos e embebidos em solução salina fisiológica, agitados em agitador mecânico por 20 minutos e processados pelo método de concentração por sedimentação. Os resultados revelaram que apenas 19,7% (n = 158/800) das hortaliças estavam contaminadas com uma ou várias espécies de parasitas. Ascaris lumbricoides (o verme redondo grande) 12,3% (n = 99/800) foi o patógeno mais comumente detectado e Taenia saginata (a tênia da carne) 1,62% (n = 13/800) foi o menos freqüentemente detectado. Curiosamente, valor de p significativo (p> 0,05 em IC de 95%) entre o número de examinados e contaminados para todas as variáveis estudadas incluindo escolaridade dos vendedores, localização dos mercados, tipo de vegetais, meios de exposição, lavado antes da exposição, fonte de lavagem de água e tipo de mercado. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciaram que o consumo de vegetais crus possui grande risco de contrair infecções parasitárias nos distritos de Lower Dir e Peshawar, no Paquistão. Instruir os vendedores e o público sobre a transferência de doenças parasitárias e sua higiene pode reduzir a taxa de infecção de parasitas de origem humana.

Parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables sold in open markets: a public health threat

Abstract Vegetables eating raw are a leading source of transmission of infective forms of pathogenic internal parasites among human beings. This research was conducted from April to October, 2017 to assess the parasitic contamination of vegetables sold at main vegetable markets in districts Lower Dir and Peshawar, Pakistan. Eight hundred specimens of different vegetables were purchased and soaked in physiological saline solution, shaken with a mechanical shaker for 20 minutes and processed by sedimentation concentration method. Results revealed that only 19.7% (n=158/800) of the vegetables were found to be contaminated with single or multiple parasite species. Ascaris lumbricoides (the large round worm) 12.3% (n=99/800) was the most commonly detected pathogen and Taenia saginata (the beef tapeworm) 1.62% (n=13/800) was the least frequently detected one. Interestingly, significant p value (p>0.05 at 95%CI) between the number of examined and contaminated for all the variables studied including education status of the vendors, markets location, type of vegetables, means of display, washed before display, washing source of water and market type. The findings of this study evidenced that consumption of raw vegetables possesses great risk of getting parasitic infections in Lower Dir and Peshawar districts, Pakistan. Instructing the sellers and the public about parasitic disease transfer and their hygiene can reduce the infection rate of parasites of human origin.

Resumo Os vegetais crus são a principal fonte de transmissão de formas infecciosas de parasitas internos patogênicos entre os seres humanos. Esta pesquisa foi realizada de abril a outubro de 2017 para avaliar a contaminação parasitária de vegetais vendidos nos principais mercados de vegetais nos distritos de Lower Dir e Peshawar, Paquistão. Oitocentos exemplares de diferentes vegetais foram adquiridos e embebidos em solução salina fisiológica, agitados em agitador mecânico por 20 minutos e processados pelo método de concentração por sedimentação. Os resultados revelaram que apenas 19,7% (n = 158/800) das hortaliças estavam contaminadas com uma ou várias espécies de parasitas. Ascaris lumbricoides (o verme redondo grande) 12,3% (n = 99/800) foi o patógeno mais comumente detectado e Taenia saginata (a tênia da carne) 1,62% (n = 13/800) foi o menos freqüentemente detectado. Curiosamente, valor de p significativo (p> 0,05 em IC de 95%) entre o número de examinados e contaminados para todas as variáveis estudadas incluindo escolaridade dos vendedores, localização dos mercados, tipo de vegetais, meios de exposição, lavado antes da exposição, fonte de lavagem de água e tipo de mercado. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciaram que o consumo de vegetais crus possui grande risco de contrair infecções parasitárias nos distritos de Lower Dir e Peshawar, no Paquistão. Instruir os vendedores e o público sobre a transferência de doenças parasitárias e sua higiene pode reduzir a taxa de infecção de parasitas de origem humana.

Prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en población infantil de Tamburco (Perú) asociada a prácticas de higiene y crianza de animales / Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Children Population of Tamburco (Peru) Associated with Hygiene and Animal Husbandry Practices

Resumen Las infecciones parasitarias intestinales son una de las mayores dificultades socioeconómicas y médicas de todo el mundo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en niños y su asociación a prácticas de higiene y crianza de animales. La investigación fue observacional, básica, analítica y transversal. La población en estudio estuvo conformada de 542 niños de educación primaria del distrito de Tamburco, Perú. Se recolectaron muestras fecales de 225 niños de ambos sexos. Dichas muestras fueron analizadas con la técnica directa con lugol y solución salina fisiológica. El análisis cuantitativo de Kato-Katz se desarrolló en el laboratorio de la Micro Red de Salud Micaela Bastidas, en Tamburco. Se efectuaron las pruebas de chi-cuadrado de Pearson, odds ratio e intervalos de confianza con niveles de confianza de 95 % mediante el programa SPSS 23. Asimismo, se realizó un análisis de regresión logística multivariada. La prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en los niños fue del 63,6 % (143/225; IC 95 %=57,1-70,1). Los niños que no se lavan las manos antes de comer tuvieron mayor riesgo de infección con Blastocystis sp. (OR=20,8), Entamoeba coli (OR=16,9) y Giardia lamblia (OR=6,2) (p < 0,01). Además, los niños que caminan descalzos tuvieron 2,1 veces más riesgo de infectarse con Blastocystis sp. (p < 0,05). En conclusión, la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en los niños de Tamburco fue alta y estuvo asociada con los hábitos de no lavarse las manos antes de comer y caminar descalzos.

Abstract Intestinal parasitic infections are one of the greatest socioeconomic and medical difficulties worldwide. The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in children and their association with hygiene and animal husbandry practices. The research was observational, basic, analytical and cross-sectional. The study population consisted of 542 primary school children from the district of Tamburco, Peru. Fecal samples were collected from 225 children of both sexes. These samples were analyzed using the direct technique with lugol and physiological saline solution. The quantitative Kato-Katz analysis was performed in the laboratory of the Micro Red de Salud Micaela Bastidas, in Tamburco. Pearson's chi-square tests, odds ratios and confidence intervals with confidence levels of 95% were performed using SPSS 23 software. The prevalence of intestinal parasites in children was 63.6% (143/225; 95% CI=57.1-70.1). Children who did not wash their hands before eating had a higher risk of infection with Blastocystis sp. (OR=20.8), Entamoeba coli (OR=16.9) and Giardia lamblia (OR=6.2) (p < 0.01). In addition, children walking barefoot were 2.1 times more at risk of becoming infected with Blastocystis sp. (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the prevalence of intestinal parasites in Tamburco children was high and was associated with the habits of not washing hands before eating and walking barefoot.

Blastocystis spp. y su asociación con otros parásitos intestinales en niños de edad preescolar, estado Sucre, Venezuela / Blastocystis spp. and their association to other intestinal parasites in preschool children from Sucre State, Venezuela

Introducción: Blastocystis spp. es uno de los parásitos intestinales más comunes en el ser humano y su patogenicidad sigue siendo controvertida. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de Blastocystis spp. y su asociación con otros parásitos intestinales a niños en edad preescolar. Métodos: Se procesaron 90 muestras fecales provenientes de niños en edad preescolar. Las técnicas copro-parasitológicas usadas fueron: examen directo con solución salina (0,85 por ciento) y lugol. Se usó la prueba chi cuadrado para demostrar la independencia entre las variables: parasitosis, sexo y edad. Se determinó el índice de afinidad de Fager para establecer las asociaciones entre los principales enteroparásitos identificados. Resultados: Se encontraron 68 niños parasitados, con 75,6 por ciento de prevalencia. No hubo diferencias significativas con respecto a la edad y el sexo (p> 0,05). Los parásitos más comunes fueron: Blastocystis spp. (45,6 por ciento), Endolimax nana (30,9 por ciento), Entamoeba coli (26,5 por ciento), y como único helminto, Enterobius vermicularis (1,5 por ciento). El 42,6 por ciento estuvo monoparasitado y 57,4 por ciento biparasitados. Los índices de afinidad (IAB) y pruebas de "t" efectuadas, señalaron asociación significativa entre Blastocystis spp. y los protozoarios E. nana y E. coli. Conclusiones: Se determina una elevada prevalencia de Blastocystis spp. y especies comensales intestinales, todas indicadoras de contaminación fecal, en que probablemente factores ambientales y socioculturales promueven su transmisión. Este tema debe continuarse y profundizarse por la connotación que ha adquirido este parásito en los debates científicos actuales, tanto en el ámbito nacional como internacional(AU)

Introduction: Blastocystis spp. are among the most common intestinal parasites affecting humans. Their pathogenicity continues to be a topic of debate. Objective: Determine the prevalence of Blastocystis spp. and their association to other intestinal parasites in preschool children. Methods: Analysis was performed of 90 stool samples from preschool children. The coproparasitological techniques used were direct examination with 0.85 percent saline solution and lugol. The chi-square test was used to show the independence between the variables parasitic infection, sex and age. Fager's affinity index was determined to establish associations between the main enteroparasites identified. Results: The study found 68 children infected with parasites, for a 75.6 percent prevalence. There were no significant differences with respect to age and sex (p> 0.05). The most common parasites were Blastocystis spp. (45.6 percent), Endolimax nana (30.9 percent) and Entamoeba coli (26.5 percent). The only helminth found was Enterobius vermicularis (1.5 percent). 42.6 percent of the children were infected with one parasite and 57.4 percent with two. The affinity index (IAB) and t tests performed revealed a significant association between Blastocystis spp. and the protozoa E. nana and E. coli. Conclusions: High prevalence was determined of Blastocystis spp. and intestinal protozoan species, all of which were indicative of fecal contamination. Environmental and sociocultural factors are likely to facilitate their transmission. This topic should continue to be addressed and examined due to the relevance of this parasite in current scientific debate, both nationally and internationally(AU)

Asociación de fascioliasis con el estado nutricional y coinfección enteroparasitaria en niños / Association of fascioliasis to nutritional status and enteroparasite coinfection in children

Introducción: La fascioliasis es causada por el trematodo Fasciola hepatica que afecta a animales herbívoros, omnívoros y al humano. Los niños de edad escolar son los más afectados y el órgano más dañado es el hígado. Este parásito requiere de reservorio y huésped intermediario para completar su ciclo biológico. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación de la fascioliasis con el estado nutricional y coinfección enteroparasitaria en niños. Métodos: La investigación se realizó entre septiembre de 2016 y abril de 2017 en el distrito de Santa María de Chicmo, región Apurímac. El estudio fue analítico de corte transversal. La población de niños de 6 a 16 años estuvo constituida por 2 172 individuos. El tamaño de muestra fue de 435 niños y se determinó mediante un muestreo simple al azar. Además, para que el muestreo fuera más eficiente se distribuyó el tamaño total de la muestra entre los estratos I.E. Primaria e I.E. Secundaria, para un resultado de 209 y 226 muestras, respectivamente. Sin embargo, se logró tomar 493 muestras coprológicas y serológicas repartidas proporcionalmente entre la totalidad de 23 instituciones educativas. Resultados: La prevalencia de fascioliasis fue de 5,3 por ciento (26/493; IC95 por ciento =3,2-7,4). Las instituciones educativas con mayor prevalencia fueron: Taramba con 17,2 por ciento (5/29; IC95 por ciento = 5,9-35,8), Libertadores de América con 16,1 por ciento (5/31; IC95 por ciento = 5,5-33,7), Mariano Melgar con 15 por ciento (3/20; IC95 por ciento = 3,2-37,9) y Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe con 10,8 por ciento (4/37; IC95 por ciento = 3-25,4). No se encontró asociación de fascioliasis con la valoración nutricional antropométrica ni con la coinfección enteroparasitaria en niños (p˃ 0,05). Conclusiones: La fascioliasis no estaría afectando el estado nutricional de los niños; asimismo, los signos clínicos, atribuidos a fascioliasis, corresponderían también a la alta presentación de parásitos entéricos(AU)

Introduction: Fascioliasis is caused by the trematode Fasciola hepatica and affects herbivorous and omnivorous animals as well as humans. Schoolchildren are the most affected group, and the organ most commonly targeted is the liver. This parasite requires an intermediate reservoir and host to complete its biological cycle. Objective: Determine the association of fascioliasis to nutritional status and enteroparasite coinfection in children. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2016 to April 2017 in the district of Santa María de Chicmo, Apurímac Region. The child population aged 6-16 years was composed of 2 172 individuals. The sample size was 435 children, and it was determined by simple random sampling. Additionally, in order for the sampling to be more efficient, the total sample size was distributed between the strata Primary E.I. and Secondary E.I., for 209 and 226 samples, respectively. However, 493 coprological and serological samples were proportionally taken from the total 23 educational institutions. Results: Prevalence of fascioliasis was 5.3 percent (26/493; CI95 percent=3.2-7.4). The educational institutions with the highest prevalence were Taramba with 17.2 percent (5/29; CI95 percent= 5.9-35.8), Libertadores de América with 16.1 percent (5/31; CI95 percent= 5.5-33.7), Mariano Melgar with 15 percent (3/20; CI95 percent= 3.2-37.9) and Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe with 10.8 percent (4/37; CI95 percent= 3-25.4). No association was found between fascioliasis and nutritional anthropometric assessment or enteroparasite coinfection in children (p˃ 0.05). Conclusions: Fascioliasis was not found to affect the nutritional status of children. On the other hand, the clinical signs attributed to fascioliasis also correspond to the high presentation of enteric parasites(AU)

Epidemiological study of human intestinal parasites in Sarawak, East Malaysia: A review

@#Intestinal parasitic infections are endemic in rural settings and may account for asymptomatic infections to various health complications. These infections are a cause of concern for communities of lower economic status, especially in developing countries. In Sarawak, indigenous populations residing in geographically inaccessible areas are socially and economically disadvantaged. Through close association with nature, these populations are prone to intestinal parasitism. Currently, scattered information has led to a continual state of neglect at each level of parasitic infection control. This urges for a review of their distribution and transmission based on previous reports to understand the pattern of the diseases in the state which can further address the improvement of mass controlling programs. A literature search was conducted to collect previous reports on human intestinal parasites in Sarawak, East Malaysia from PubMed (Medline), SCOPUS, ScienceDirect and Web of Science from January 2019 to March 2021. Extrapolating the current data in Sarawak which is still considered limited, further interdisciplinary strategies are demanded to give insights in the epidemiology and true prevalence of intestinal parasites in Sarawak. This review addresses for redirection of attitude towards intestinal parasitic infections where it should be given with ample attention by rural populations. In tandem to that, improvement of rural livelihood such as standard of living and sanitation in Sarawak should be accredited as part of the efforts to reduce the number of intestinal parasitic infections in the state. As a control measure, mass deworming should be reconsidered especially to the rural populations.

Investigation on infection status of key human parasites in Yantai City, Shandong Province from 2015 to 2019 / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To understand the infection status of key human parasites in Yantai City, Shandong Province, and to provide scientific basis for establishing strategy for prevention and control of the disease.Methods:According to the "National Investigation Plan of Human Parasitic Infection Status" and implementation rules, stratified cluster random sampling method was adopted to select 39 survey sites in 10 counties (cities, districts) of Yantai City from 2015 to 2019. The respondents were residents in each survey site, with no less than 200 people in each survey site. The modified garten thick smear method (one fecal two test) and the direct smear method were respectively used to detect the eggs of intestinal worms and the trophozoites or cysts of intestinal protozoa. Besides, the transparent adhesive paper anal swab was used to detect pinworms in children aged 3 - 9 years. SPSS 18.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Comparison between infection rates was analyzed by χ 2 test or Fisher's exact probability test with 0.05 of test level. Results:A total of 8 507 people were investigated from 2015 to 2019. The total infection rate of intestinal parasites was 1.75% (149/8 507), and no protozoa was detected. A total of 4 species of intestinal worms were detected, including 1.41% (120/8 507) of whipworm, 0.16% (14/8 507) of ascaris, 0.14% (12/8 507) of pinworm and 0.07% (6/8 507) of hookworm. Among 149 cases of worm infection, 3 cases were ascaris and whipworm mixed infection, accounting for 2.01%. The infection rate of pinworm was 1.90% (11/578) in 578 children aged 3 - 9 years detected by transparent adhesive paper anal swab. From 2015 to 2019, the incidence of intestinal parasites infection first increased and then decreased, the difference was statistically significant (χ 2 = 469.38, P < 0.05). The infection rates of male and female were 1.72% (70/4 071) and 1.78% (79/4 436), respectively, with no significant difference between them (χ 2 = 0.05, P > 0.05). There was a significant difference of intestinal parasites infection rate in different age groups (χ 2 = 23.34, P < 0.05). The infection rate of intestinal parasites in ≥80 years old group was the highest with 2.84% (8/282). There was a significant difference of intestinal parasites infection rate among different professionals (χ 2 = 41.71, P < 0.05). Intestinal parasites infection rate of farmers was the highest with 2.58% (113/4 388). There was a significant difference of intestinal parasites infection rate among people with different cultural degree(χ 2 = 51.91, P < 0.05). Infection rate of illiterate people was the highest with 4.98% (16/321). Parasitic infection was detected in 10 counties (cities, districts), except Laishan District. The highest infection rate was Haiyang City (10.18%, 102/1 002), and the results of other counties (cities, districts) were lower than 1.20%. There was significant difference in infection rate in different regions (χ 2 = 433.87, P < 0.05). The infection rate in urban area was 0.51% (22/4 281), and the infection rate in rural area was 3.01% (127/4 226). The difference between urban and rural areas was statistically significant (χ 2 = 76.70, P < 0.05). Conclusion:The infection rate of intestinal parasites has been reduced to a lower level in rural area of Yantai City, and farmers are the key prevention and control population of intestinal parasites infection, so attention should be paid to strengthen the publicity of parasitic disease prevention and control.

Shift in parasitic infections during the Corona pandemic: a hospital-based retrospective study

@#The Corona pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV- 2) calls on the Saudi government to take action to control the infection. The government closed borders, prohibited travel, limited outdoor movements, and told primary and secondary care facilities to reduce all regular non-urgent health services. It is not known whether these measures have impacted the prevalence of parasitic intestinal infections. This study has therefore been carried out to investigate this issue. Dataset of 217 stool samples submitted to the King Faisal Medical Complex (KFMC) Microbiology Laboratory in Taif, Saudi Arabia for parasitological examination during the pandemic (January-June 2020) and 649 samples submitted during the corresponding months of the previous year (January-June 2019) were extracted and analyzed. Overall, 24.1% (209/866) of samples were parasitespositives; 26.6% (173/649) before and 16.5% (36/217) during the pandemic, with 79% reduction. There was a significant difference in gender-parasitism between the two periods where the majority of parasitism were for males (p<0.001). Infections were frequent in patients aged 5- 14 years both before (84/649; 12.9%) and during (12/217; 5.5%) the pandemic, with significant difference observed between the two cohorts (p<0.002). Moreover, the majority of infected patients were non-Saudi (67.9%; 142/209), with a significant difference in nationality reported, (p=0.024). Protozoa were identified in 21.8% (189) of all samples investigated, of which, Blastocystis hominis, Entamoeba coli, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar and Cryptosporidium species were identified in 6.1% (53), 5.4% (47), 5.0% (44), 2.8% (25), and 2.3% (20), respectively. Helminths were diagnosed in 2.3% (20/866) of samples. Eggs of hookworm, Ascaris, Taenia spp, and Hymenolepis nana were detected in 0.9% (8), 0.5% (5), 0.3% (3) and 0.4% (4), respectively. In parallel with our research hypothesis, a substantial decrease in the burden of intestinal parasitic infections was recorded with the lock-down measures taken during the Corona pandemic.

Parasitosis intestinales en niños de 3 a 5 años con desnutrición de tipo Kwashiorkor en el Hospital José María Velasco Ibarra 2018-2019 / Intestinal parasitosis in children aged 3 to 5 years with Kwashiorkor-type malnutrition at the José María Velasco Ibarra Hospital 2018-2019

Determinar la ocurrencia de la parasitosis intestinal en niños de 3 a 5 años con desnutrición de tipo Kwashiorkor en el Hospital José María Velasco Ibarra en el periodo 2018-2019 ha sido el objetivo de este estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 41 infantes realizándole en la consulta externa su valoración clínica para clasificarlo con la enfermedad desnutrición de tipo Kwashiorkor, lo que incluyó un estudio coproparasitológico verificando la ocurrencia de parásitos intestinales en sus muestras fecales. Los resultados arrojaron que el 65,85% de los pacientes son niñas; el 43,90% corresponden al grupo etario de 5 años; IMC reflejo un 14,32 para los niños y 13,42 para las niñas, reflejándose niveles de desnutrición graves, que se corroboran con los resultados de las pruebas de laboratorio con una albumina sérica que oscila entre 2,05 y 2,63, niños anémicos altamente afectados por poliparásitos intestinales, siendo los más frecuentes: T. trichiura (n=34), A. lumbricoides (n=16) y G. lamblia (n=20). En conclusión, la desnutrición relacionada con la ingesta calórico-proteica, puede ser agravada por la ocurrencia de parásitos intestinales, lo que trae como consecuencia un aumento significativo del riesgo de morbi-mortalidad de niños de 3 a 5 años con desnutrición de tipo Kwashiorkor(AU)

To determine the occurrence of intestinal parasitosis in children aged 3 to 5 years with Kwashiorkor-type malnutrition at the José María Velasco Ibarra Hospital in the period 2018- 2019 has been the objective of this descriptive, crosssectional study. The sample consisted of 41 infants, who performed their clinical assessment in the outpatient clinic to classify it with Kwashiorkor-type malnutrition disease, which included a coproparasitological study verifying the occurrence of intestinal parasites in their fecal samples. The results showed that 65.85% of the patients are girls; 43.90% correspond to the age group of 5 years; BMI reflected 14.32 for boys and 13.42 for girls, reflecting levels of severe malnutrition, which are corroborated with the results of laboratory tests with a serum albumin that ranges between 2.05 and 2.63, boys anemic highly affected by intestinal polyparasites, the most frequent being: T. trichiura (n = 34), A. lumbricoides (n = 16) and G. lamblia (n = 20). In conclusion, malnutrition related to caloric-protein intake can be aggravated by the occurrence of intestinal parasites, which results in a significant increase in the risk of morbidity and mortality in children aged 3 to 5 years with Kwashiorkor-type malnutrition(AU)

Intestinal Parasites and Salmonella typhi Infection among Food-handlers in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria

Background: Intestinal parasites andSalmonellainfections are of main public health concerns in Nigeria and the world, especially in developing countries where access to safe water and hygienic food handling practices by food handlers is a challenge. Consequently, food-handlers play a major role in the transmission of these types of foodborne diseases.Objective: This study was to determine the preponderance of intestinal parasites and Salmonella typhiamong food-handlers in selected areas in Port Harcourt.Materials and Methods: A total of 480 food-handlers (195 males and 285 females) of various educational levels were sampled. Stool samples were collected and analyses were carried out using direct smear examination and formol-ether concentration technique -adopted for nvestigation of intestinal parasites and deoxycholate citrate agar and Salmonella-Shigella agar for the cultivation of Salmonella typhi.Results:Of 480 food-handlers examined, comprisesof 195(40.6%) males and 285(59.4%) females,-majority (85.4%) were young adults aged 20-40 years. 47.9% of them -had education above secondary educational level. The preponderance of intestinal parasites was 48(10.0%) and implicated were Ascaris lumbricoides(41.7%), hookworm (33.3%) and Trichuris trichiura(25.0%). No intestinal protozoa were identified. Prevalence of 30(6.3%) was recorded for Salmonella typhi.Conclusion:Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites and S.typhi infection is relatively low among food handlers in Port Harcourt, but indicates the important role food handlers play in the transmission of the infection. Therefore, awareness should be step-up forthe food handlers to avoid escalation of these infections

Parásitos intestinales en poblaciones infantojuveniles; ambiente y comportamiento social / Prevalence of intestinal parasites in child and youth populations; environment and social behavior

Introduction: The decreasing prevalence of parasitosis from north to south in Argentina has led the scientific community to focus the epidemiological studies on the most vulnerable areas and, consequently, neglect the populations of Patagonia (South Argentina). The objectives of the present study were (i) to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in children and youth of Puerto Madryn (Chubut province, Patagonia), and (ii) to evaluate the parasitic infections found concerning socio-environmental factors and hygiene practices of the population. Materials and methods: Serial stool samples were processed using modified Ritchie and FLOTAC dual pellet techniques, and samples of anal swabs were examined by sedimentation. Socio-environmental variables and hygiene practices of the participants were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: Of all examined participants, 39.1% (68/174) were parasitized. A total of 6 parasite species were found and the most prevalent were Blastocystis sp (19.0%), Enterobius vermicularis (17.8%), and Giardia lamblia (6.3%). The risk of parasitosis and infection for Blastocystis sp was greater in participants who lived in houses without piped water (OR = 2.9 and OR = 3.2, respectively). The risk of infection for G. lamblia was positively associated with the lack of public waste collection service (OR = 5.6). Infection for E. vermicularis was higher in participants whose parents had a basic level of education (OR = 5.0). Conclusion: The parasitic infections observed reflect the environmental conditions of Patagonia and the need to focus studies on populations from peripheral areas to urban centers that are exposed to greater socio-economic vulnerability.

Introducción: La prevalencia de parasitosis decreciente de norte a sur en la Argentina, ha llevado a la comunidad científica a enfocar sus estudios epidemiológicos hacia las zonas más vulnerables y desatender a las poblaciones de la Patagonia (sur de Argentina). Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron: determinar la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en niños y jóvenes de Puerto Madryn (Chubut, Patagonia), y evaluar las infecciones parasitarias en relación con los factores socioambientales y las prácticas de higiene de la población. Materiales y métodos: Se procesaron muestras seriadas de materia fecal mediante las técnicas Ritchie modificada y FLOTAC dual pellet, y muestras de escobillado anal por sedimentación. Se relevaron las variables socioambientales y las prácticas de higiene de los participantes mediante cuestionarios semiestructurados. Resultados: El 39.1% (68/174) de la población analizada estuvo parasitado. Se halló un total de 6 especies parásitas, las más prevalentes de las cuales fueron Blastocystis sp (19.0%), Enterobius vermicularis (17.8%) y Giardia lamblia (6.3%). El riesgo de parasitosis y de infección por Blastocystis sp fue mayor en los participantes que no poseían agua de red (odds ratio [OR] = 2.9 y OR = 3.2, respectivamente). La infección por G. lamblia se asoció de manera positiva con la falta de recolección pública de residuos (OR = 5.6). La infección por E. vermicularis fue superior en los participantes con padres que tenían un nivel de estudios primario (OR = 5.0). Conclusión: Las infecciones parasitarias observadas reflejan las condiciones ambientales de la Patagonia y la necesidad de orientar los estudios a poblaciones periféricas de los centros urbanos, las cuales están expuestas a mayor vulnerabilidad socioeconómica